7N Tellurium Crystal Kukula ndi Kuyeretsa

7N Tellurium Crystal Kukula ndi Kuyeretsa

Ine. Kukonzekera Kwambiri Kwazinthu Zopangira ndi Kuyeretsa Koyambirira

1. paKusankha Zopangira Zopangira ndi Kuphwanyapa

• paZofunika Zakuthupi: Gwiritsani ntchito tellurium ore kapena anode slime (Te content ≥5%), makamaka copper smelting anode slime (yokhala ndi Cu₂Te, Cu₂Se) ngati zopangira.
• paPretreatment Njira:
• Kuphwanya kwakukulu mpaka kukula kwa tinthu ≤5mm, kutsatiridwa ndi mphero ya mpira mpaka ≤200 mauna;
• Kupatukana kwa maginito (magnetic field intensity ≥0.8T) kuchotsa Fe, Ni, ndi zonyansa zina zamaginito;
• Froth flotation (pH = 8-9, osonkhanitsa xanthate) kuti alekanitse SiO₂, CuO, ndi zonyansa zina zopanda maginito.
• paKusamalitsa: Pewani kubweretsa chinyezi pakukonzekera konyowa (pamafunika kuyanika musanawotchedwe); kuwongolera chinyezi chozungulira ≤30%.

1. paKuwotcha kwa Pyrometallurgical ndi Oxidationpa

• paProcess Parameters:
• Kutentha kwa oxidation kukuwotcha: 350-600 ° C (kuwongolera pagawo: kutentha kochepa kwa desulfurization, kutentha kwakukulu kwa okosijeni);
• Nthawi yowotcha: Maola 6-8, ndi O₂ kuthamanga kwa 5-10 L / min;
• Reagent: Concentrated sulfuric acid (98% H₂SO₄), mass ratio Te₂SO₄ = 1:1.5.
• paChemical Reaction:
  Cu2Te+2O2+2H2SO4→2CuSO4+TeO2+2H2OCu2Te+2O2+2H2SO4​→2CuSO4+TeO2+2H2O
• paKusamalitsa: Kuwongolera kutentha ≤600 ° C kuteteza TeO₂ volatilization (kuwira 387 ° C); yeretsani mpweya wotulutsa mpweya ndi NaOH scrubbers.

II. Electrorefining ndi Vacuum Distillation

1. paElectrorefiningpa

• paElectrolyte System:
• Mapangidwe a electrolyte: H₂SO₄ (80-120g/L), TeO₂ (40-60g/L), zowonjezera (gelatin 0.1-0.3g/L);
• Kuwongolera kutentha: 30-40 ° C, kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe ka 1.5-2 m³ / h.
• paProcess Parameters:
• Kachulukidwe kakali pano: 100-150 A/m², magetsi a cell 0.2-0.4V;
• Kutalikirana kwa ma elekitirodi: 80-120mm, makulidwe a cathode 2-3mm/8h;
• Kuchotsa zonyansa: Cu ≤5ppm, Pb ≤1ppm.
• paKusamalitsa: Sefa ma electrolyte pafupipafupi (kulondola ≤1μm); Pamakina opukutira anode pamalo kupewa passivation.

1. paVacuum distillationpa

• paProcess Parameters:
• Mulingo wa vacuum: ≤1×10⁻²Pa, kutentha kwa distillation 600–650°C;
• Kutentha kwa condenser zone: 200-250 ° C, Te nthunzi condensation mphamvu ≥95%;
• Nthawi ya distillation: 8-12h, mphamvu ya batch imodzi ≤50kg.
• paKugawa Zonyansa: Zonyansa zowira pang'ono (Se, S) zimawunjikana kutsogolo kwa condenser; zonyansa zowira kwambiri (Pb, Ag) zimakhalabe zotsalira.
• paKusamalitsa: Pre-pampu vacuum system kupita ku ≤5×10⁻³Pa musanatenthetse kuti mupewe Te oxidation.

III. Kukula kwa Crystal (Directional Crystallization).

1. paKukonzekera kwa Zidapa

• paMitundu ya Ng'anjo ya Kukula kwa CrystalTDR-70A/B (30kg mphamvu) kapena TRDL-800 (60kg mphamvu);
• Zinthu zowonongeka: graphite yapamwamba kwambiri (phulusa ≤5ppm), miyeso Φ300×400mm;
• Njira yowotchera: Kutentha kwa graphite, kutentha kwakukulu 1200 ° C.

1. paProcess Parameterspa

• paMelt Control:
• Kutentha kosungunuka: 500-520 ° C, kusungunula dziwe lakuya 80-120mm;
• Gasi woteteza: Ar (kuyera ≥99.999%), kuthamanga kwa 10-15 L / min.
• paCrystallization magawo:
• Mlingo wokoka: 1-3mm / h, kuthamanga kwa kristalo 8-12rpm;
• Kutentha kwa kutentha: Axial 30-50 ° C / cm, radial ≤10 ° C / cm;
• Njira yozizirira: maziko a mkuwa woziziritsidwa ndi madzi (kutentha kwamadzi 20-25°C), kuziziritsa kwapamwamba kwambiri.

1. paKuwongolera Zonyansapa

• paTsankho Zotsatira: Zonyansa monga Fe, Ni (gawo la magawo <0.1) limaunjikana pamalire a tirigu;
• paRemelting Cycles: 3-5 kuzungulira, zonyansa zomaliza ≤0.1ppm.

1. paKusamalitsa:

• Kuphimba pamwamba ndi graphite mbale kupondereza Te volatilization (kutaya mlingo ≤0.5%) ;
• Yang'anirani kukula kwa kristalo munthawi yeniyeni pogwiritsa ntchito zida za laser (zolondola ± 0.1mm);
• Pewani kusinthasintha kwa kutentha > ± 2 ° C kuti mupewe kuwonjezereka kwa kusasunthika (chandamale ≤10³/cm²) .

IV. Kuyang'anira Ubwino ndi Ma Metrics Ofunikira

V. Environmental and Safety Protocols

1. paChithandizo cha Gasi wa Exhaust:

• Kuwotcha utsi: Neutralize SO₂ ndi SeO₂ ndi NaOH scrubbers (pH≥10);
• Utsi wothira utsi: Kondetsani ndi kubwezeretsanso mpweya; Mpweya wotsalira womwe umatulutsidwa kudzera mu activated carbon.

1. paSlag Recycling:

• Anode slime (yokhala ndi Ag, Au): Bwezerani kudzera mu hydrometallurgy (H₂SO₄-HCl system);
• Zotsalira za Electrolysis (zokhala ndi Pb, Cu): Bwererani ku machitidwe osungunula mkuwa.

1. paNjira Zachitetezo:

• Oyendetsa ntchito ayenera kuvala masks a gasi (Te nvapo ndi poizoni); sungani mpweya wabwino woipa (kusinthasintha kwa mpweya ≥10 kuzungulira / h) .

Njira Zowongolera Njira

1. paKusintha kwa Zakuthupi: Sinthani kutentha kowotcha ndi chiŵerengero cha asidi mokhazikika kutengera magwero a matope a anode (monga, mkuwa motsutsana ndi kusungunuka kwa lead);
2. paCrystal Kukoka Rate Kufananiza: Sinthani kukoka liwiro molingana ndi kusungunuka kwa sungunula (Nambala ya Reynolds Re≥2000) kupondereza kuzizira kwakukulu;
3. paMphamvu Mwachangu: Gwiritsani ntchito kutentha kwa zigawo ziwiri (main zone 500 ° C, sub-zone 400 ° C) kuti muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa graphite ndi 30%.